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.The Middle Ages in the Banat (a historical region in which is now divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary) started around 900. Around that time, ruled, according to the (a chronicle of debated reliability). Archaeological finds and 10th-century sources evidence that (or ) settled in the lowlands in the early 10th century, but the survival of, and communities can also be documented.

A local chieftain, converted to around 1000, but his attempts to control the delivery of salt on the brought him into conflict with. Ajtony died fighting against the royal army in the first decades of the 11th century. His realm was transformed into a of the. Counties (which were established around royal fortresses) were the most prominent units of royal administration.Featuring items of the ' (the dominant of the between around 950 and 1090) can be detected in the lowlands from around 975.

Artefacts from the or imitating Byzantine objects were found along the Danube, and in the. Pagan burial rites disappeared by the end of the 11th century, evidencing the local inhabitants' conversion to Christianity., the first (now in Romania), played a preeminent role in the process, according to hagiographic works written centuries later. More than a dozen monasteries (including at least three Orthodox monasteries) were established in the region before the mid-13th-century.The brought severe destruction in 1241–42, causing the disappearance of dozens of villages.

After the withdrawal of the Mongols, new fortresses, made of stone, were built. Settled in the lowlands around 1246. Their traditional nomadic way of life gave rise to conflicts with their neighbors for decades. Held his royal residence in between 1315 and 1323.

Colonization contributed to the development of the noblemen's estates in the 14th century. The presence of (or ) in the can be documented from the same century. The expansion of the in the forced thousands of Bulgarians and Serbs to leave their homelands and settle in Banat. Made several attempts to convert his Orthodox subjects into Roman Catholicism in Banat in the 1360s.

The region became an important frontier zone after the in 1396. The (or heads) of were tasked with the defence of the frontier, which enabled them to unite most counties of Banat under their rule and to administer all royal fortresses in the region. Contents.Background is the modern name of the southeastern region of the in. It is located between the rivers, and, and the. The was the dominant power of the Basin between around 567 and 803. Most historians agree that and, together with the remnants of the, and possibly with (or ), inhabited Banat after the fall of the khaganate. Contemporaneous sources only sporadically mentioned political events in 9th-century Banat.

Archaeological finds that can certainly be dated to the 9th century are also rare. The only cemetery which yielded possibly 9th-century artefacts was discovered at, but similar objects were in use till the early 11th century.After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the and the made attempts to control Banat. Place names of origin recorded already in the Middle Ages show the early presence of a Slavic-speaking population. The listed the among the Slav peoples who sent 'embassies and presents' to the Carolingian Empire in 822.

The same source identified the Praedenecenti as who 'live in on the Danube as the neighbors of the Bulgars' when mentioning their envoys' visit in in 824. The term 'Dacia' always referred to the ancient Roman province of (instead of the southern ) in 9th-century Western European sources, which suggests that the Praedenecenti lived to the north of the Danube, near its confluence with the Tisza. Around 850, a mentioned the as the southernmost neighbors of the empire to the north of the Danube. According to a, the source suggests that the polity mentioned by the as ' was located in Banat.

's late 9th-century duchy and its neighbors (a map partially based on the narration of the, a late 12th-century chronicle of debated credibility)Historians agree that the Bulgarian Empire dominated Banat during most of the 9th century. No contemporaneous source explicitly substantiates this idea, but the Bulgars' attempts to conquer their neighbors' territories are documented.

De Administrando Imperio Pdf

The envoys of the Praedenecenti 'complained about vicious aggression by the Bulgars and asked for help against them' during their visit in Aachen in 824. A Bulgar military commander, Onegavonais, drowned in the Tisza around 830, according to an inscription found at. Archaeologists often attribute a specific burial practice documented in the 9th and 10th centuries (the burial in coffins together with meat offerings) to the Bulgars, but the same burial rite had already been practised in the Avar Khaganate. Such graves cluster at the confluence of the Mureș and the Tisza, but graves with coffins and meat offerings were also unearthed at, and other places in the lowlands. The name of the river, which is of origin, may have been inherited from the Bulgars, but it may also be attributed to the or other who settled in Banat.The first recorded invasion of the (or ) from the to occurred in 861. The started around 894. The contemporaneous recorded that the Magyars 'attacked the lands of the, Moravians and Bulgars' shortly after their arrival.

The first extant Hungarian chronicle, the, which was written centuries after the events, contains a more detailed narration of the Hungarian Conquest. The chronicle wrote of one Duke, who had come 'from the castle of ' in Bulgaria and ruled Banat at the time of the arrival of the Hungarians. Glad's army was 'supported by, Bulgarians and Vlachs', according to the same source. Whether Glad was a historical figure, or the of the Gesta Hungarorum invented him and his duchy to be able to write of the Magyars' heroic deeds during the conquest of their new homeland. Kingdom of Hungary Towards integration ( c. 900– c.1003 or 1030).

This study by the great historian J. Bury appeared in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (Leipzig, 1906) pp. It is a description and analysis of the 10th century Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus' manual known as De Administrando Imperio. This document was written by the emperor in 948-952 for his son and heir Romanus II, as a guide to foreign and domestic policies. It describes, among many other things, the histories and characters of the nations neighboring the Empire or incorporated into it, including the Kievan Rus', Arabs, Lombards, Armenians, Georgians, Venetians, Magyars, Pechenegs, and Turks.

62 pdf pages. Book digitized by Google, article extracted and uploaded by user Robert Bedrosian.John Bagnell Bury (1861-1927), a great classical scholar and author of many enduring works, was also editor of the early volumes of the Cambridge Ancient History.